Introduction

As the global demand for semiconductors, green energy technologies, and advanced defense systems rises, access to critical raw materials like gallium has become a pressing concern for European policymakers. Gallium is essential for manufacturing microchips, 5G infrastructure, solar panels, and radar systems. Traditionally, the global supply of gallium has been dominated by China, which accounted for over 80% of production until recently. However, mounting geopolitical tensions, trade restrictions, and the European Union’s ambition to build strategic autonomy have prompted a search for alternative sources.

Kazakhstan has emerged as a promising partner in this context. Accounting for 15–20% of global gallium production as of 2023, the country is also rich in other critical minerals, making it an increasingly attractive player in the raw materials supply chain. With a relatively stable political climate and a government actively seeking foreign investment in high-tech industries, Kazakhstan offers both opportunity and access. Importantly, the country is navigating a careful geopolitical balancing act—maintaining ties with Russia while gradually deepening its cooperation with Western partners.

For Europe, especially countries like the Netherlands with high-tech industries, establishing secure access to Kazakh gallium is not only a matter of economic strategy but also geopolitical necessity. However, logistics pose a significant challenge. Since the shortest overland routes pass through Russia, alternative pathways such as the Middle Corridor—connecting Kazakhstan to Europe via the Caspian Sea, the South Caucasus, and the Black Sea—have gained importance. This route, while politically viable, requires careful coordination due to infrastructure limitations and the specific transport needs of gallium.

This report explores how the Netherlands and other European actors can engage diplomatically and operationally with Kazakhstan to secure stable gallium supply chains, while managing the risks and costs involved.